How long would it take for Russia to rebuild its military?
WASHINGTON – Just 14 months into Russia's war on Ukraine, Moscow's military has become so degraded that it could take up to 10 years for its forces to recover, US intelligence officials told a Senate Armed Services Committee hearing Thursday.
LONDON, Aug 4 (Reuters) - Russia has doubled its 2023 defence spending target to more than $100 billion - a third of all public expenditure - a government document reviewed by Reuters showed, as the costs of the war in Ukraine spiral and place growing strain on Moscow's finances.
In terms of active-duty personnel, they are the world's fifth-largest military force, with 1.15 million and at least two million reserve personnel. Russia plans to expand its active personnel force to 1.5 million by 2026, which will make it the third largest in the world, after China and India.
Land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles take about half an hour to fly from launch to target.
Russia is about 10 000 km (east to west) at its longest. Assuming an average walking speed of 5 km/h over unbroken terrain, and assuming you could actually walk in a straight line and not encounter any broken terrain, it would take 2 000 hours non-stop walking, or 83.5 days, or almost 3 months.
The Russian economy is shrinking
It is estimated that in 2022, Russia's gross domestic product (GDP) dropped by 2.1%. Russia's economy may continue to shrink in 2023. Its GDP is forecast to decline by 2.5% in the worst-case scenario (OECD) or by 0.2% according to the World Bank. The IMF expects growth in 2023 (0.7%).
The GFP index denotes Ukraine as a Top 15 world power. For 2023, Ukraine is ranked 15 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. The nation holds a PwrIndx* score of 0.2516 (a score of 0.0000 is considered 'perfect').
Countries delivering military aid to Ukraine
In total aid (military, financial and humanitarian combined), the European Union and its countries have provided the most to Ukraine, according to Kiel Institute, whereas the United States has by far provided the most in military aid.
The US dominates the air with far more bases, fighter jets and bombers than Russia but Russia is superior on the ground with more tanks, artillery and land vehicles. At sea, the countries are more evenly matched, but here the US has the edge with more destroyers, submarines and aircraft carriers.
The United States is also the world's third largest army in terms of manpower, with about 1.4 million active military personnel in 2022. The United States military consists of different service branches, including the Army, Navy, Airforce, Marine Corps, and Space Force.
How many tanks does the US have?
Characteristic | Number of main battle tanks |
---|---|
United States | 5,500 |
Turkey | 2,229 |
Greece | 1,365 |
Poland | 569 |
China's newest hypersonic missile, the DF-27, can fly as far as Hawaii, penetrate U.S. missile defenses and pose a particular threat to U.S. aircraft carriers, according to news reports of an assessment from the Pentagon.

Russian nuclear doctrine allows for use of what is known as a tactical nuclear weapon - a limited nuclear explosion - to be deployed in a conventional conflict to make the enemy back down. Strategic nuclear weapons can hit targets much further afield, such as the US.
Irwin Redlener at Columbia University specialises in disaster preparedness and notes that there are six cities in the US that are more likely to be targeted in a nuclear attack – New York, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco and Washington DC.
The narrowest distance between mainland Russia and mainland Alaska is approximately 55 miles (88.5 kilometres), according to alaskacenters.gov. However, there is a water body that separates the two countries by a distance of just 2.4 miles (3.8 kilometres).
Depending on your route, the coast-to-coast drive across America ranges in distance from approximately 2,500 to 3,500 miles. If you're prepared to clock eight-plus hours behind the wheel per day, the shortest route should takes four days and the longest six.
But how far is Russia from Alaska? The narrowest distance between Alaska and Russia is only 55 miles, separated only by the Bering Strait. Thus Alaska is closer to Russia than the United States.
Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine that started in late February 2022, more than 300,000 Russian citizens and residents are estimated to have left Russia by mid-March 2022, at least 500,000 by the end of August 2022, and an additional 400,000 by early October, for a total of approximately 900,000.
Country | Russian Fossil Fuel Imports* (Total) | Crude Oil |
---|---|---|
🇦🇪 UAE | $2.3B | $2.3B |
🇰🇷 South Korea | $2.1B | $0.6B |
🇸🇰 Slovakia | $2.0B | $1.1B |
🇭🇺 Hungary | $1.9B | $0.8B |
“There's a lot of pent up demand in the economy, but it is now bumping up against quite severe supply constraints. The Government spending that has come on top of that, and now the rouble weakness, is quite a toxic mix for Russia's inflation dynamics.”
Who is the most powerful military in the world 2023?
- No 1. USA.
- No 2. Russia.
- No 3. China.
- No 4. India.
- No 5. United Kingdom.
- No 6. South Korea.
- No. Pakistan.
- No 8. Japan.
According to Global Firepower, a prominent data website specializing in defence-related information, the United States possesses the most powerful military force worldwide. Russia and China follow closely in second and third place, respectively, while India secures the fourth position.
Heavy Guns are 152/155 mm howitzers. According to Oryx, which records only losses it can confirm, 2,082 Russian tanks have been destroyed, damaged, abandoned or captured since the start of the war in 2022.
Foreign aid in recent years
In 2021, the United States provided more than $50 billion in aid to over 150 countries and territories, as well as 30 regional funds that go to multiple countries, and a fund for international institutions and NGOs.
The two-day poll that was concluded on Tuesday charted a sharp rise in backing for arming Ukraine, with 65% of the respondents approving of the shipments compared with 46% in a May poll.
Foreign aid is used to support American national security and commercial interests and can also be distributed for humanitarian reasons. Aid is financed from US taxpayers and other revenue sources that Congress appropriates annually through the United States budget process.
Overall, the most powerful countries in the world are those with a combination of economic, military, and cultural power. The United States remains the most powerful country in the world, followed by China and Russia.
Technological superiority underpins our national military strategy, allowing us to field the most potent military forces by making best use of our resources, both economic and human. It is essential for the United States to maintain superiority in those technologies of critical importance to our security.
Federal Law stipulates that the maximum military recruitment age is 42. Meanwhile, the minimum age for new recruits is 17, with parental consent. Individuals aged 18 and above no longer need permission from their parents to enlist in the military.
The world's largest air forces vary in size and strength by country, with the United States having the largest air force, followed by Russia and China.
What country has the best tank?
The German-made Leopard 2 tank is widely regarded as the best of its kind in the world, combining both speed and accuracy, and capable of hitting targets 5km away while on the move.
No More Tanks for the Marine Corps
Why is the US Marine Corps planning to operate a fleet of exactly “zero” main battle tanks as part of its broader, service-wide transition away from a heavier, mechanized force into a lighter, expeditionary, more deployable networked force of highly lethal, interconnected nodes.
While U.S. defense spending has grown from $660 billion to $743 billion during that period, the defense spending of the rest of NATO has increased at a higher pace, from $250 billion in 2014 to $356 billion in 2023.
Scope forecasts a budget deficit of 3.8% of GDP in 2023, compared with the present official forecast by Russia of a 2% deficit, before narrowing to 2.8% the following year. Persistent inflation remains a drag on Russia's growth. Inflation is expected to average around 6% in 2023, according to Scope's estimates.
Due to a volatile currency exchange rate, Russia's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. Russia's membership to the WTO was accepted in 2011. $2.063 trillion (nominal; 2023 est.) $4.989 trillion (PPP; 2023 est.)
Status of Funds
Each year federal agencies receive funding from Congress, known as budgetary resources . In FY 2023, the Department of Defense (DOD) had $1.77 Trillion distributed among its 6 sub-components. Agencies spend available budgetary resources by making financial promises called obligations .
In 2023, the United States spent an estimated 860 billion U.S. dollars on defense. This makes their defense budget, by far, the biggest out of all the NATO members.
Combined number of military personnel in NATO countries 2014-2023. The combined number of military personnel among NATO member states amounted to approximately 3.37 million personnel in 2023, compared with 3.29 million in the previous year.
How much does it cost to be in NATO? Each member contributes to a common fund based on the size of its overall economy. NATO's common fund budget — $3.7 billion for 2023 — covers administrative costs and collective military infrastructure.
GDP growth is decelerating; while GDP increased by about 1.5% annualized in the first half of 2023, it's expected to dip to 0.5% annualized in early 2024. Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Bureau of Labor Statistics, J.P. Morgan.
Will the economy bounce back in 2024?
Key Takeaways. U.S. strategists expect a meaningful earnings recession of -16% for 2023 and a significant recovery in 2024.
The volume of the national debt in Russia has been increasing over the observed period. As of July 1, 2023, the national debt was close to 20.2 trillion Russian rubles, having increased by around 1.4 trillion Russian rubles over the past six months.
Russia Annual Household Income per Capita reached 7,932.623 USD in Dec 2022, compared with the previous value of 6,561.323 USD in Dec 2021. Russia Annual Household Income per Capita data is updated yearly, available from Dec 1992 to Dec 2022, with an averaged value of 5,523.525 USD.
Russia has 110 official billionaires in the list, up 22 from last year, according to Forbes' Russian edition, which said their total wealth increased to $505 billion from $353 billion when the 2022 list was announced.
Approximately 0.2 percent of Russian adults, or 311.9 thousand residents, owned over one million U.S. dollars, or were referred to as high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs). In 2021, the total wealth of the adult population in the country reached nearly 3.8 trillion U.S. dollars.
- 21 % Social Security.
- 14 % Health.
- 13 % Income Security.
- 13 % National Defense.
- 12 % Medicare.
- 11 % Net Interest.
- 5 % Education, Training, Employment, and Social Services.
- 4 % Veterans Benefits and Services.
Rank | Country | Revenues |
---|---|---|
1 | USA | 5,923,829 |
2 | China | 3,622,313 |
3 | Germany | 1,666,454 |
4 | Japan | 1,334,944 |
For 2023, United States is ranked 1 of 145 out of the countries considered for the annual GFP review. The nation holds a PwrIndx* score of 0.0712 (a score of 0.0000 is considered 'perfect'). This entry last reviewed on 07/12/2023.
References
- https://www.statista.com/topics/2171/armed-forces-of-the-united-states/
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-07-05/shift-in-balance-of-arms-in-ukraine-underscored-by-fresh-data
- https://rusmania.com/central/belgorod-region/belgorod
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_and_the_United_Nations
- https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/what-would-happen-if-ukraine-joined-nato-2023-07-05/
- https://en.as.com/latest_news/which-european-countries-are-not-part-of-nato-updated-list-of-members-and-non-members-n/
- https://www.servicememberscivilreliefact.com/blog/servicemember-age/
- https://clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov/WH/EOP/OSTP/nssts/html/chapt2.html
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293754/nato-aircraft-strength-type/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow
- https://www.rand.org/blog/2023/05/what-f-16s-will-and-wont-do-for-ukraine.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-34
- https://saylordotorg.github.io/text_world-regional-geography-people-places-and-globalization/s06-russia.html
- https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/compare/Russia/United-States/Military
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norilsk
- https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/historic-meeting-us-japan-south-koreas-leaders-poised/story?id=102289964
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/202302/t20230227_11032025.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ukraine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Names_of_Rus%27,_Russia_and_Ruthenia
- https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-map-nuclear-war-russia-b2279249.html
- https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-mexico/
- https://www.eurasiantimes.com/mig-21-vs-f-16-can-a-3rd-generation-mig-21-really-shoot-down-hi-tech-f-16-aircraft/
- https://www.gale.com/intl/essays/peter-h-wilson-holy-roman-empire-eighteenth-century
- https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2013-10-15/ty-article/.premium/how-zayin-came-to-mean-arms-and-penis/0000017f-efa7-dc28-a17f-ffb7ab090000
- https://news.sky.com/story/what-nuclear-weapons-does-russia-have-what-damage-could-they-cause-and-could-they-reach-the-uk-12554087
- https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/military-size-by-country/
- https://americanexpatfinance.com/news/item/1105-surge-reported-in-number-of-americans-moving-to-live-in-mexico-in-2022
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia
- https://www.history.navy.mil/content/history/museums/nnam/explore/collections/aircraft/m/mig-15.html
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/rus/partner/mex
- https://www.timesnownews.com/viral/how-far-is-russia-from-the-us-they-are-separated-by-3-8-kilometres-but-are-21-hours-apart-article-89988242
- https://www.mcislanguages.com/fatherland-vs-motherland-what-is-the-gender-of-your-country/
- https://www.studyiq.com/articles/nato-countries/
- https://www.productplan.com/glossary/moscow-prioritization/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow,_Pennsylvania
- https://www.jpmorgan.com/insights/outlook/economic-outlook/economic-trends
- https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/russia.htm
- https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/impact-sanctions-russian-economy/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_combat_losses_of_United_States_military_aircraft_since_the_Vietnam_War
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_losses_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Central_America
- https://www.volza.com/p/1121-basmati-rice/import/import-in-russia/
- https://www.operationmilitarykids.org/best-fighter-jets-in-the-world/
- https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/mexico-administrative-map.htm
- https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/06/20/feature-02
- https://theculturetrip.com/europe/russia/articles/heres-why-russia-is-called-russia
- https://theworld.org/stories/2016-03-10/there-are-more-20-towns-america-called-moscow-why
- https://www.newsweek.com/russia-su-75-felon-jet-us-f-35-f-22-aircraft-ukraine-war-1772392
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Combined_Arms_Army
- https://fiscaldata.treasury.gov/americas-finance-guide/federal-spending/
- https://www.operationmilitarykids.org/f16-vs-f18-top-10-differences-between-the-viper-super-hornet/
- https://www.pravda.com.ua/eng/news/2023/05/22/7403221/
- https://a-z-animals.com/blog/what-are-the-oldest-cities-in-the-world/
- https://www.forces.net/technology/land-vehicles/leopard-2-numbers-behind-arguably-worlds-best-tank
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/584035/defense-expenditures-of-nato-countries/
- https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/asia.htm
- https://usafacts.org/articles/what-is-nato-and-what-does-it-cost-to-be-a-member/
- https://www.quora.com/What-did-the-Roman-empire-know-of-Russia
- https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2022/10/08/five-reasons-why-ukraine-wont-join-nato-any-time-soon
- https://theconversation.com/chinas-hypersonic-missiles-threaten-us-power-in-the-pacific-an-aerospace-engineer-explains-how-the-weapons-work-and-the-unique-threats-they-pose-206271
- https://warriormaven.com/land/marine-corps-2030-lethal-amphibious-force
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sochi
- https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/most-powerful-countries-in-the-world/
- https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/2663/moscow-russia
- https://apnews.com/article/russia-poland-war-kaliningrad-map-811eb734576cc567051558372daa51cd
- https://nypost.com/2023/05/04/russia-may-need-10-years-to-rebuild-military-after-ukraine-war/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia
- https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-doubles-2023-defence-spending-plan-war-costs-soar-document-2023-08-04/
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1294391/nato-tank-strength-country/
- https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/European-Russia-map.htm
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/482573/russia-population-by-average-wealth/
- https://www.ci.moscow.id.us/389/History
- https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2023/07/27/hyperinflation-putin-russia-battles-rising-prices/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Sweden_relations
- https://uapost.us/en/blog/in-12th-century-the-land-is-first-mentioned-as-ukraine-russia-does-not-exist/
- https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/russian-billionaires-see-wealth-rise-over-half-trillion-dollars-forbes-2023-04-22/
- https://theglobalamericans.org/2022/04/colombia-was-named-a-major-non-nato-ally-now-its-mexicos-turn/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Withdrawal_from_NATO
- https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/37498491/world-cup-2018-russia-misadventures-trying-read-cyrillic
- https://www.airandspaceforces.com/nato-member-defense-spending-summit/
- https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/russia-is-in-which-continent-1645772351-1
- https://familytreemagazine.com/heritage/russian/genealogy-white-russian/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_Mexicans
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Mutual_Cooperation_and_Security_between_the_United_States_and_Japan
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Russia
- https://www.expresstorussia.com/experience-russia/the-geography-of-russia.html
- https://geohistory.today/origins-of-russia-pt1/
- https://libraries.wsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/files/paul_brians/palouse/moscow/index.html
- https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_49212.htm
- https://www.dictionary.com/browse/oblast
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93Mexico_relations
- https://www.morganstanley.com/ideas/earnings-recession-2023-rebound-2024
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/region/latin/mexico/data.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russia,_London
- https://frontierindia.com/f-16-vs-su-35-battle-is-building-up-in-ukraine-here-are-some-of-each-planes-strengths-and-weaknesses/
- https://www.jluggage.com/blog/world/is-mexico-in-nato/
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2016/02/17/lets-call-ukraine-by-its-proper-name/
- https://www.livemint.com/news/world/us-holds-title-for-worlds-most-powerful-military-pakistan-ranks-7th-where-does-india-stand-11689136456322.html
- https://www.rips.or.jp/en/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/RIPS_Policy_Perspectives_No.2.pdf
- https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=united-states-of-america
- https://www.britannica.com/event/Mexican-American-War
- https://www.newsweek.com/russia-su35-comparison-f16-jets-ukraine-1788873
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Navy
- https://usafacts.org/articles/which-countries-receive-the-most-aid-from-the-us/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aid_to_Ukraine_during_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War
- https://olympic.kz/en/page/respublika-kazakhstan
- https://www.ducksters.com/geography/country/russia_history_timeline.php
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Mexico/Trade
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Cathay-medieval-region-China
- https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/constantinople
- https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/18/world/europe/fighter-jet-f16-ukraine.html
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1293365/nato-overall-military-personnel/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico
- https://www.newsweek.com/what-us-leaving-nato-would-look-like-1812459
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_states_of_NATO
- https://time.com/6290977/nuclear-war-impact-essay/
- https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/department-of-defense
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TASS
- https://www.history.com/news/mexico-world-war-ii-surprising-involvement
- https://www.india.com/webstories/news/india/most-powerful-militaries-in-the-world-2023-strongest-army-list-us-china-india-pakistan-defence-strength-6162703/
- https://www.selinawamucii.com/insights/prices/russia/rice/
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1187790/national-debt-in-russia/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Russia
- https://www.jpost.com/international/article-745424
- https://www.visualcapitalist.com/whos-still-buying-russian-fossil-fuels-in-2023/
- https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nato-countries-maps-list-membership-requirements/
- https://www.military.com/equipment/f-16-fighting-falcon
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations
- https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/mexico-trade-agreements
- https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=ukraine
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/584286/number-of-military-personnel-in-nato-countries/
- http://www2.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/latamer/midamer/mmmex5/mmmex5tx.htm
- https://www.mos.ru/en/news/item/81229073/
- https://www.globalfirepower.com/country-military-strength-detail.php?country_id=mexico
- https://www.operationmilitarykids.org/f16-vs-f35-differences/
- https://www.advantour.com/russia/emblem.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_government_budget
- https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/traveladvisories/russia-travel-advisory.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Russian_(cocktail)
- https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/aircraft-propulsion/russian-aircraft-losses-total-176-ukraine-raf-chief
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93Russia_relations
- https://news.hofstede-insights.com/news/ask-an-expert-smile-in-russia
- https://www.ramenclub.so/blog/rice-moscow-methods-prioritization-framework
- https://www.ameredia.com/resources/demographics/russian.html
- https://www.allgetaways.com/car-rv-travel/long-road-trip-across-america.html
- https://geopoliticalfutures.com/why-mexico-belongs-in-north-america/
- https://1997-2001.state.gov/regions/eur/fs_members.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon_operational_history
- https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/moscow-russia/
- https://www.newsweek.com/russia-su35-fighter-jet-ukraine-f16-1801830
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/History
- https://www.reuters.com/world/most-americans-support-us-arming-ukraine-reutersipsos-2023-06-28/
- https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-mig-29-vs-f-16-ex-iaf-air-marshall-explains-why-fulcrums/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Russia
- https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50336.htm
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/russian-economy-expected-contract-again-123000669.html
- https://bridgetomoscow.com/curious-fact-moscow-epithets
- https://www.getawaycouple.com/how-far-is-russia-from-alaska/
- https://ctc.braganca.sp.gov.br/bootstrap/1090420
- https://homework.study.com/explanation/was-russia-part-of-the-roman-empire.html
- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/why-russia-largest-country-world-michael-faith
- https://www.wilsoncenter.org/video/mexico-china-economic-relationship-examining-licit-and-illicit-trade-practices
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derbent
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow/People
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Moscow
- https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia
- https://www.legion.org/landingzone/251119/super-friends-americas-finest-allies
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_diaspora
- https://www.airandspaceforces.com/ukraine-russia-putin-air-defenses-opinion/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z_(military_symbol)
- https://www.quora.com/How-long-would-it-take-to-walk-from-one-end-of-Russia-to-the-other-without-stopping
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/russia/annual-household-income-per-capita
- https://www.thoughtco.com/russian-nicknames-and-diminutives-1502309
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_America_under_Mexican_rule
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russians
- https://helpfulprofessor.com/russian-people-physical-characteristics/
- https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2006/bowersock-three-romes
- https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/largest-air-forces-in-the-world/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Mexico
- https://www.securefreesociety.org/research/monitor28/